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The glottal stop or glottal plosive is a type of sound used in many spoken , produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or, more precisely, the glottis. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is .
As a result of the obstruction of the airflow in the glottis, the glottal vibration either stops or becomes irregular with a low rate and sudden drop in intensity.
Other scripts also have letters used for representing the glottal stop, such as the Hebrew alphabet aleph and the Cyrillic script letter palochka , used in several Caucasian languages. The Arabic script uses hamza , which can appear both as a diacritic and as an independent letter (though not part of the alphabet). In Tundra Nenets, it is represented by the letters apostrophe and double apostrophe . In Japanese, glottal stops occur at the end of interjections of surprise or anger and are represented by the character .
In the graphic representation of most Philippine languages, the glottal stop has no consistent symbolization. In most cases, however, a word that begins with a vowel-letter (e.g. Tagalog language aso, "dog") is always pronounced with an unrepresented glottal stop before that vowel (as in Modern German language and Hausa language). Some orthographies use a hyphen instead of the reverse apostrophe if the glottal stop occurs in the middle of the word (e.g. Tagalog pag-ibig, "love"; or Visayan gabi-i, "night"). If it occurs in the end of a word, the last vowel can be written with a circumflex accent (known as the pakupyâ) if both a stress and a glottal stop occur in the final vowel (e.g. basâ, "wet") or a grave accent (known as the paiwà) if the glottal stop occurs at the final vowel, but the stress occurs at the penultimate syllable (e.g. batà, "child").
Some Canadian indigenous languages, especially some of the Salishan languages, have adopted the IPA letter into their orthographies. In some of them, it occurs as a casing pair, and . The digit or a question mark is sometimes substituted for , and is preferred in languages such as Squamish. SENĆOŦENwhose alphabet is mostly unique from other Salish languagescontrastly uses the comma to represent the glottal stop, though it is optional.
In 2015, two women in the Northwest Territories challenged the territorial government over its refusal to permit them to use the letter in their daughters' names: Sahaiʔa, a Chipewyan name, and Sakaeʔah, a Slavey language name (the two names are actually ). The territory argued that territorial and federal identity documents were unable to accommodate the character. The women registered the names with hyphens instead of the , while continuing to challenge the policy.
In the Crow language, the glottal stop is written as a question mark . The only instance of the glottal stop in Crow is as a question marker morpheme at the end of a sentence.
Use of the glottal stop is a distinct characteristic of the Southern Mainland Argyll dialects of Scottish Gaelic. In such a dialect, the standard Gaelic phrase Tha Gàidhlig agam ("I speak Gaelic"), would be rendered Tha Gàidhlig a'am.
In the Nawdm language of Ghana, the glottal stop is written ɦ, capital Ĥ.
Often a glottal stop happens at the beginning of vowel phonation after a silence.
Although this segment is not a phoneme in English, it occurs phonetically in nearly all dialects of English, as an allophone of in the syllable coda. Speakers of Cockney, Scottish English and several other British dialects also pronounce an intervocalic between vowels as in city. In Received Pronunciation, a glottal stop is inserted before a tautosyllabic voiceless stop: stop, that, knock, watch, also leap, soak, help, pinch.
In American English, a "t" is usually not aspirated in syllables ending either in a vowel + "t", such as "cat" or "outside"; or in a "t" + unstressed vowel + "n", such as "mountain" or "Manhattan". This is referred to as a "held t" as the airflow is stopped by tongue at the ridge behind the teeth. However, there is a trend of younger speakers in the Mid-Atlantic states to replace the "held t" with a glottal stop, so that "Manhattan" sounds like "Man-haʔ-in" or "Clinton" like "Cli(n)ʔ-in", where "ʔ" is the glottal stop. This may have crossed over from African American Vernacular English, particularly that of New York City.
In many languages, the unstressed intervocalic allophone of the glottal stop is a creaky-voiced glottal approximant. It is known to be contrastive in only one language, Gimi language, in which it is the voiced equivalent of the stop.
The table below demonstrates how widely the sound of glottal stop is found among the world's :
Before initial vowels
Most English speakers today often use a glottal stop before the initial vowel of words beginning with a vowel, particularly at the beginning of sentences or phrases or when a word is emphasized. This is also known as "hard attack". Traditionally in Received Pronunciation, "hard attack" was seen as a way to emphasize a word. Today, in British, American and other varieties of English, it is increasingly used not only to emphasize but also simply to separate two words, especially when the first word ends in a glottal stop.
Occurrence in other languages
In many languages that do not allow a sequence of vowels, such as Persian language, the glottal stop may be used Epenthesis to prevent such a hiatus. There are intricate interactions between falling tone and the glottal stop in the histories of such languages as Danish language (see stød), Cantonese and Thai language.
lītora jactētur odiīs Jūnōnis inīquae
Northwest Caucasian See Abkhaz phonology. Northwest Caucasian Semitic See Arabic phonology, Hamza. Corresponds to or in other dialects. See Levantine Arabic phonology and Egyptian Arabic phonology Corresponds to or in other dialects. Kiranti Bikol languages Slavic languages Sino-Tibetan Philippine Malayo-Polynesian Sinitic See Cantonese phonology. Polynesian Slavic languages See Czech phonology. Cushitic see Dahalo phonology Germanic One of the possible realizations of stød. Depending on the dialect and style of speech, it can be instead realized as Creaky voice of the preceding sound. See Danish phonology. Germanic See Dutch phonology. Germanic Glottal stop before initial vowel at the start of a phrase. Elsewhere, optionally, to emphasize a word or separate it from the previous one. Allophone of , /k/ or /p/. See glottalization, English phonology, and definite article reduction. General American 'the' 'thank you' 'people' 'button' Germanic Generally all vowel onsets. See Standard German phonology. Hmongic 'two (2)' Tupi-Guarani Occurs only between vowels. Polynesian See Hawaiian phonology. Semitic Often elided in casual speech. See Modern Hebrew phonology. Germanic Only used according to emphasis, never occurring in minimal pairs. Malayo-Polynesian Hyphen when occurring within the word. Malayo-Polynesian Allophone of or in the syllable coda. Northeast-Caucasian Japonic Malayo-Polynesian Allophone of in morpheme-final position. Aslian languages Jedek language 'left side' Northwest-Caucasian Manobo languages Khasi-Palaungic Mon-Khmer See Khmer phonology Koreanic In free variation with no glottal stop. Occurs only in initial position of a word. Malayo-Polynesian Malay language Allophone of final in the syllable coda, pronounced before consonants and at end of the a word. In other positions, has phonemic status only in loanwords from Arabic. See Malay phonology Kelantan-Pattani Malay alphabet]] 'to tie' Allophone of final in the syllable coda. Pronounced before consonants and at the end of a word. Terengganu Malay Malayo-Polynesian Written as takdokdok, taddoddok, taʼdoddoʼ, taqdoqdoq or taddoddoʼ in other orthography. Semitic Polynesian Malayo-Polynesian Sometimes written without an apostrophe. Yok-Utian Ribes divaricatum Kartvelian Uto-Aztecan Often left unwritten. Plateau-Penutian Tupi-Guarani Transcription (or absence thereof) varies. Algonquian Merges with in some dialects. See Ojibwe phonology. Ryukyuan Indo-Iranian See Persian phonology. Slavic languages era ʔɛra 'era' Most often occurs as an anlaut of an initial vowel (Ala ‒> ). See Polish phonology#Glottal stop. Muran languages Romance Marginal sound. Does not occur after or before a consonant. In Brazilian casual speech, there is at least one –vowel length–pitch accent minimal pair (triply unusual, the short italic=yes vs. long italic=yes). See Portuguese phonology. 'to the class' Oceanic Slavic languages Russian language не-а / ne-a ˈnʲeʔə 'nope' Polynesian Romance Intervocalic allophone of . 'the moon' Slavic languages Optionally inserted between vowels across word boundaries. See Serbo-Croatian phonology Language isolate Cushitic Somali language ba ʼ 'calamity' though occurs before all vowels, it is only written medially and finally. See Somali phonology Romance Marginal sound or allophone of between vowels in different words. Does not occur after or before a consonant. See Spanish phonology. 'four years' Salishan Philippine See Tagalog phonology. Polynesian Tai-Kadai Polynesian Samoyedic Vietic languages In free variation with no glottal stop. See Vietnamese phonology. Finnic languages "q" is Võro plural marker ( maa, kala, "land", "fish"; maaq, kalaq, "lands", "fishes"). Language isolate Omotic languages 7írTi Polynesian
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